El profesor Simón Schwartzman es uno de los más importantes estudiosos del sistema educativo brasileño. Cito, a seguir, el artículo que hoy él divulga en su blog [sitesimon-schwartzman.org.br] acerca del atraso en que van sumiendo las mejores instituciones de enseñanza superior del Brasil, la USP y la UNICAMP, que otrora aparecían en los índices internacionales como pertenecientes al selecto club de las mejores Universidades del mundo. La razón de ésto? La endogamia corporativa, que elabora mecanismos de evaluación al amaño de los intereses corporativos y políticos del momento.
Algo semejante afecta al sistema de educación brasileño en los niveles inferiores. Las evaluaciones emprendidas por el Ministerio de Educación, bajo la batuta de un militante petista conocido, Aloysio Mercadante, no reflejan lo que realmente sucede y sólo sirven para el gobierno petista jactarse de que "todo está perfecto", cuando en realidad el sistema educativo brasileño, como un todo, va para atrás en los índices internacionales.
Cómo solucionar esto? El primer paso sería, a mi modo de ver, que el gobierno brasileño pasara a contratar agencias independientes internacionales para efectuar las evaluaciones del sistema educativo, tanto a nivel superior, como en los grados intermedio y básico. Pero es muy poco probable que el gobierno petista haga ésto, pues en lo único que piensa es en la hegemonía partidaria para perpetuarse en el poder...
A seguir, el magnífico artículo del profesor Schwartzman:
Brazil, lost in the rankings | Inside Higher Ed
The bad news:
Earlier in October the Brazilian press announced the sad news that the
University of São Paulo (USP) usually considered the best university
south of Rio Grande, had disappeared from the top list of 200
institutions of the Times Higher Education rankings, together
with the prestigious State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). USP went
from the 158th place to join the 226-250 group, while UNICAMP
disappeared from the top 300 list completely. During the following days,
many articles appeared in newspapers, magazines and blogs, trying to
explain this sudden fall. The fact that USP remained among the best 150
in the also prestigious ranking of the Shanghai Jiao Tong University was
no consolation.
The good news: a few days later, the Ministry announced
results of ENADE, an assessment of higher education carried by the
government. The assessment is based on a test applied periodically to
all the students concluding higher education in different fields; in
2012 it was applied to students in 7,2 thousand degree programs in the
social sciences, humanities, management and related areas. According to
the Minister of Education Aloísio Mercadante, an economist with a
doctoral degree from UNICAMP, the percentage of course programs with
satisfactory results when up from 48.5% to 68.3%. He proclaimed, “We
have to commemorate the development of the higher education system
towards better quality. Our methods of assessment, follow-up and
inspection are allowing this to happen.” Unfortunately, the data also
showed that 30% of the course programs demonstrated insufficient
results, which was also picked up by the press and subject to all kinds
of interpretations.
The actual news. The actual news is that there is no news.
The University of São Paulo may or may not be getting worse, but its
sudden drop in the international rankings is explained mostly by new
entrants on the Times list, and perhaps to changes in the
methodology. Rankings tell us the relative position of an institution in
regard to others, but anyone who passed statistics 101 knows that this
is an ordinal scale that tells us nothing about the distance between the
institutions or their quality. The question of why no Latin American
University comes up higher in these rankings remains an issue that was
not changed by these recent results.
The statements of the Ministry of Education are more startling
because the results of the student assessments done by Ministry are
placed in a normal distribution curve, which means that, by definition,
half are above and half below the mean— there are no external standards
to establish what are the acceptable results in each field. Actually,
the way the data crunchers at the Ministry of Education process the
information is more complicated than that – they calculate the mean
results of the students for each course, and then place these averages
in a five-point scale starting with the lowest, so that the estimated
average may move up and down around a truly normalized mean. But
eventual variations are just arithmetic artifacts and do not have any
meaning in terms of changing quality.
One could speculate about the reasons why even the best newspapers
cannot interpret the information they get or why the Ministry of
Education is unable to understand the data produced by their own people.
One possible explanation is that figures are apparently easy to
understand and to show off, while all these questions of normal
distributions, rankings methodology, scales and standards are too
difficult to understand, let alone to communicate. The problem is when
policies are implemented based on these simplified constructs, and not
on what is really happening.
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